MGMT Methylation Status and Glioblastoma Multiforme Outcome

MGMT Methylation stance and Glioblastoma Multiforme OutcomeABSTRACTBackground O6 methylguanine-methyltransferase (MGMT) relay transmitter methylation has been associated with increased extract among patient roles with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) who were set with various alkylating agents. We examined the relationship amid MGMT methylation view and clinical come out of the closetcome in newly diagnosed GBM patients treated with BCNU wafers (Gliadel).Methods MGMT plugger methylation in deoxyribonucleic acid from 122 newly diagnosed GBM patients treated with Gliadel was determined by a Quantitative methylation-specific polymerase cooking stove reaction assay (QMSP) and correlated with overall pick (OS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS).Results The MGMT agent was methylated in 40 (32.7%) of 122 patients. Overall average survival was 13.5 months (95%CI 11.0-14.5) and recurrence-free survival (RFS) was 9.4 months (95%CI 7.8-10.2). After adjusting for age, KPS, extremity of resection, temozolomide (TMZ) and light beam sickness therapy (RT), newly diagnosed GBM patients with MGMT methylation who were treated with Gliadel had a 15% reduction in hazard of dying comp ared to patients with unmethylated MGMT (Hazard dimension 0.85, 95%CI 0.56-1.31). Patients recovered over 70 with MGMT methylation and treated with Gliadel had a noneworthyly longer average survival of 13.5 months compared to 7.6 months in patients with unmethylated MGMT (p=0.027). A like significant difference was also assemble in older patients with a average recurrence-free survival of 13.1 versus 7.6 months (p=0.01) for MGMT methylated and unmethylated, respectively.Conclusions Methylation of the MGMT promoter in newly diagnosed GBM patients who were treated with Gliadel followed by RT and TMZ, was associated with significantly improved survival compared to the non-methylated patient population with akin manipulation. For the hoary population, methylation of the MGMT promo ter was associated with significantly better OS and RFS.INTRODUCTIONGlioblastome multiforme (GBM) is the about common primary brain tumour, with a median survival of little than dickens geezerhood 1. To date, only two different alkylating agents have been shown to be consistently associated with prolonged survival temozolomide (TMZ) and the locally delivered BCNU wafers (Gliadel) 1-3.Gliadel wafers (Eisai Inc. for Arbor Pharmaceuticals, LLC) are ingrained and locally deliver Carmustine (also know as (1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1- nitrosourea (BCNU)) at the site of tumor resection, allowing for a high concent proportionalityn of local chemotherapeutic doses while minimizing systemic adverse military groups 2-4. These wafers provide a controlled- release form of local chemotherapy for approximately 3 weeks 4, 5.Methylation of the MGMT promoter in gliomas was found to be an alpha predictor of the tumor responsiveness aft(prenominal) several cytotoxic regimens 6, including BCNU give-and-take 7. It was found that expression of the deoxyribonucleic acid repair protein, O6 methylguanine-methyltransferase (MGMT), results in GBM resistance to alkylating agents. Alkylating agents score cell death by binding to DNA, most commonly to the O6 arrangement of guanine, and forms cross-links amid adjacent DNA strands. This cross-linking of double strand DNA is moderate by the cellular DNA-repair protein MGMT.In this study, through a unique digest of 122 patients with newly diagnosed GBM who were treated with Gliadel, we retrospectively examined the association between MGMT promoter methylation status and survival.METHODSPatients and Tumor SpecimensWe retrospectively reviewed 185 patients with newly diagnosed GBM who authorized Gliadel afterwards tumor resection, at Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore, USA, between July 1997 and December two hundred6. Of these patients, only 122 patients had stored samples that were available for MGMT analysis. The clinical, radiological and hospital course of these patients were retrospectively reviewed. Age and gender were recorded, as fountainhead as Karnofsky performance score (KPS) at measure of diagnosis, tumor location, epoch to recurrence and dates of death were recorded. Overall survival (OS) was cipher from the fourth dimension of surgical procedure to death, and recurrence free survival (RFS) was calculated from the time of surgery to time of recurrence or censored at the last time of follow-up. GBM was histologically confirmed in all cases. Extent of surgical resection was determined base on a postoperative MRI performed sermon AlgorithmGliadel wafers were typically not implanted in patients after tumor resection when the tumor by and large extended into the ventricles or was multifocal.DNA ExtractionAfter initial patient de-identification, all original histologic slides from the GBM specimens were reviewed to reconfirm the diagnosis of GBM by a senior neuropathologist (PB). A represe ntative block with tumor was retrieved for DNA extraction. histologic slides from the formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue were obtained. One representative slide was stained with HE and the tumor was mark by the senior neuropathologist (PB). An additional five correlating unstained 10 micron slides were also obtained. The tumor cells in the unstained slides were microdissected according to the marked HE stained reference slide. DNA was extracted from paraffin embedded tissue after xylene deparaffinization. The microdissected tissue was digested with 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and 200ug/mL proteinase K (Roche, Nutley, NJ) at 48C for 48 hours, followed by phenol/chloroform extraction and ethanol precipitation of DNA. Extracted DNA was fade away in either LoTE (2.5 mM EDTA, 10 mM TrisHCl pH 8) or distilled water.Bisulfite TreatmentExtracted DNA was subjected to bisulfite treatment, to convert unmethylated cytosine resi due(p)s to uracil residues. Briefly, 2 g genomic DNA from each sample was treated with bisulfite using the EpiTect Bisulfite kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA) according to the makers instructions. Converted DNA was stored at -80oC.Methylation AnalysisBisulfite-modified DNA was use as a template for fluorescence-based real-time PCR. Amplification reactions were carried out in triplicate in a final volume of 20 L that contained 3 L bisulfite-modified DNA 600 nmol/L concentrations of forward and reverse primers 200 nmol/L probe 0.6 units platinum Taq polymerase (Invitrogen) 200 mol/L concentrations each of dATP, dCTP, dGTP, and dTTP and 6.7 mmol/L MgCl2. Primers and probes were designed to specifically amplify the promoter of MGMT and the promoter of a reference gene, ACTIN B primer and probe sequences and annealing temperatures are provided in Table 1. Amplifications were carried out using the following profile 95C for 3 min followed by 50 cycles at 95C for 15 s and 60C for 1 min. Amplification reactions were carried out in 384-well plates in a 7900 sequence detector (Perkin-Elmer Applied Biosystems) and examine by a sequence detector system (SDS 2.2.1 Applied Biosystems). severally plate included patient DNA samples, positive controls (Bisulfite-converted Universal methylated Human DNAStandards (Zymo Research) in serial dilutions 20ng to 2pg) and molecular grade water was use as a non-template control. The -actin gene was used to normalize and act as an internal loading control. The methylation ratio was the ratio of values for the gene-specific PCR products to those of the ACTIN B and and so multiplied by 1,000 for more efficient tabulation.statistical MethodsThe overall survival (OS) time was defined from the date of initial diagnosis of the disease (surgery) to the time of death or censored at the time last cognize alive. The recurrence-free survival (RFS) was counted from the date of initial diagnosis of the disease to the time of disease recurrence or censored at the time last known alive and recurrence-free. Probabilities of OS and RFS were boded using the Kaplan-Meier (KM) method 15 and compared using Log-rank test. Confidence intervals were calculated using the method of Brookmeyer and Crowley14. Cox proportional hazards model 16 was used to estimate the association between OS or RFS and MGMT methylation status, treatments and well known predictive factors. Schoenfeld residuals were used to test the proportionality of factors in Cox proportional hazards models. radiation sickness status was treated as a stratification factor in the Cox regression model. TMZ has FDA approval for newly diagnosed GBM patients aged between 18-70. Subgroup analyses were performed for patients who were aged over 70. All p values were two-sided. All analyses were performed using the Statistical Analysis System, version 9.2. MGMT was considered as promoter methylated if the methylation ratio was higher than 8, and unmethylated if below 8.RESULTSPatient PopulationSix hundred patients with newly diagnosed GBM underwent craniotomy between 1997 and 2006, at the Johns Hopkins Hospital. One hundred eighty five patients received Gliadel (30.8%) after tumor resection. Methylation specific PCR was performed in 122 of the 185 patients (66%) because 63 patients did not have ample paraffin embedded tumor tissue for MGMT analysis. The characteristics of the patients and type of treatments are shown in Table 2. The clinical course of forty patients who had methylation of MGMT promoter was compared to 82 patients without promoter methylation of MGMT. The comparableity of distributions among patients characteristics, and treatments between MGMT methylated and unmethylated is also shown in Table 2. in that location was a slightly male predominance in both groups. The median age of the MGMT methylated group was 65.5 years compared to 60.5 years in the non-MGMT methylated group (p=0.59). close to of the patients in both groups had KPS score of 80 (p=0.67). some of the patients in both groups under went gross total resection (GTR) (85% vs. 74% in the methylated and non-MGMT methylated group, respectively), (p=0.19).Most of the patients in the MGMT methylated and non-MGMT methylated groups received post-operative radiation therapy (RT) (80% and 72% respectively). However, there were 31 patients (25%) without radiation treatment recorded in their medical chart. Only 33% and 29% of MGMT methylated and non-MGMT patients, respectively, were treated with TMZ due to majority of patients was treated prior to 2005 when RT+ TMZ became the stadnadrd of care for the newly diagnosed GBM patients.Overall optionThe Kaplan-Meier estimate of the median OS for the122 patients with newly diagnosed GBM was 13.5 months (95% CI 11.0, 14.5). Median OS for those with MGMT methylation was 13.9 months (95%CI 9.5, 17.1) compared to 12.9 months (95%CI 10.9, 14.5) (p= 0.86) in patients non methylated. Univariate and multivariate association of survival with treatment factor, base song prognostic factors, and MGMT methylation status are shown in Table 3. in that respect was a 15% reduction in hazard of death (Hazard ratio 0.85, 95%CI 0.56-1.31) for patients with MGMT methylated tumor compared to those with MGMT unmethylated tumor after adjusting for age, KPS, extent of resection, TMZ and RT. A subgroup analysis was performed among 35 patients who were 18-70 years old and treated with Gliadel, RT and TMZ ( Gliadel+ Stupps regimen) 1. The median OS was 19.8 months (95% CI, 14.5, 22.2) in this subset of patients. There was no statistically significant difference in OS among these 35 patients with MGMT promoter methylation (median OS20 months,95% CI 9.2, 37.0), compared to patients without MGMT promoter methylation (median OS 18.9 months, 95% CI 11.9, 22.2), (Table 4).Only two out of 30 elderly patients aged above 70 years were treated with TMZ, one was MGMT methylated and another was not. Among these elderly patients, those with MGMT promoter methylation showed a significantly longer median survival of 13.5 months (95% CI, 0.49, 17.1) compared to 7.6 months (95% CI, 2.9, 9.4) when the MGMT promoter was non-methylated (p=0.027). A similar significant difference in median recurrence-free survival was also found in elderly patients where the median survival was 13.1 versus 7.6 months (p=0.01) for MGMT methylated and unmethylated, respectively.The overall median recurrence-free survival was 9.4 months (95%CI 7.8-10.2) for all patients. There was no difference in RFS between patients 18-70 years old with and without MGMT methylation.DISCUSSIONIn this study we investigated the signification of MGMT methylation status in a series of 122 patients with newly diagnosed GBM who underwent surgical resection and nidation of Gliadel wafers. The results of our series show a reduction in hazard of death for patients who were MGMT methylated compared to non-methylated. Interestingly, this effect was much more profound in the elderly group of 35 patients who were older than 70 y ears old when they were diagnosed with GBM. venerable patients who were MGMT methylated had significantly better OS, compared to non-methylated (13.5 vs. 7.6 months respectively, p=0.027).The methylation of the MGMT promoter region leads to a reduced ability to repair DNA damage induced by alkylating chemotherapeutic agents 7. Methylation of the MGMT promoter was found to be associated with responsiveness to alkylating chemotherapeutic agents much(prenominal) as temozolomide 6 and BCNU 7, and an increase in OS and progression free survival. The median survival of patients who received the combination of Gliadel, temozolomide and radiation therapy in our cohort ranged between 18.9 to 20 months, six months greater than that for the radiation therapy and temozolomide historic cohort 1 (Figure1). For patients jr. than 70 years old, the median survival of the MGMT methylated sub-group was slightly greater that MGMT non-methylated.KPS in a known prognostic factor for patients with brain tumors 8. Most of the patients in our study cohort had poor KPS of less than 80. Still, our results were in line with the report of Lechapt-Zalcman et al. 9 who assessed the prognostic impact of MGMT promoter methylation in patients with newly diagnosed GBM that received Gliadel in addition to radiation therapy and temozolomide. The OS of their study cohort was 17.5 months. Patients with MGMT methylation had a significantly longer OS of 21.7 months compared with patients without MGMT methylation who had OS of 15.1 months.Two recent soma III clinical trials in the elderly age of patients with malignant astrocytoma, the NOA-08 10 and Nordic trials 11, demonstrated that temozolomide therapy alone was not inferior to radiotherapy alone, and methylation of the MGMT gene promoter was associated with a benefit from temozolomide. However, there is a concern that combination therapy of radiation therapy and temozolomide whitethorn be less active and less well tolerated in the elderly popul ation 12. European Organization for Research and Treatment of crabmeat (EORTC)-26981/National Cancer Institute of Canada (NCIC) CE3 trial have suggested that with increasing age, the congenator benefit of addition of temozolomide to radiotherapy decreases and the patients suffer from increased chemotherapy-associated side effect such as neutropenia, lymphocytopenia, thrombocytopenia , raised liver-enzyme concentrations infections and thromboembolic events. As opposed to systemic chemotherapy with its limitations, local delivery of Gliadel wafers may be promising in this subset of patients. Chaichana et al. compared 45 elderly patients who were treated with Gliadel to 88 elderly patients who did not receive Gliadel 13. The survival for older patients who received Gliadel was significantly longer than for patients who did not receive Gliadel (8.7 months vs. 5.5 months respectively, p=0.007). The median survival of MGMT methylated in elderly patients in the up-to-date cohort was dou bled. These results may support the use of Gliadel in this sub-population.LimitationsThere are several limitations to this study. Its retrospective nature carries a potential bias. Moreover, the time terminus of this study ended in 2006, only one year after temozolomide became the standard of care in the treatment of GBM, thus most of the patients were not treated with the combination of temozolomide and radiation therapy. Furthermore, because this is a tertiary referral center, there is a bulk of patients who were operated in this center, but received further neuro-oncology treatments elsewhere, near their home, and therefore, their completing oncology treatment is not available. Still, this large and unique cohort of patients with newly diagnosed GBM who were operated in one tertiary center provide novel data that may assist in optimizing and personalizing the treatment for GBM patients.

Role of Church in Ethnic Conflict

Role of perform in Ethnic ConflictWrite ab come out of the closet a fresh social contest in your context showing the use of loving, governmental and religious institutions in the conflict. Discuss what the Church has d oneness (or should be doing) to p totallyiate heathen hostilities.Despite the persistent contribution of g e genuinely(prenominal)placenments worldwide to ensure that thither is a balanced socio-economic development in all spheres in the society, fond contrariety is still rife and embedded in all aspects of social development. However, it is worse in developing countries and pas hellholeg manifested in paganity. In multi- culturalal communities, social identity is an additional variable in social-economic development over and in a higher place those normally present in the more homogenous communities. The authority of culturality in development can be nix or peremptory and it can in either case be a problem or a potentially rewarding contend. U nfortunately it is the negative aspect of sociality that has been publicized or researched. harmonise to the Oxford advanced learners dictionary, the term social is defined as that which is of a guinea pig, racial or tribal congregation that has a common heathenish tradition or of a point ethnic convention. Brown (2000) defines an ethnic group as that residential argona which claims common ancestry and sees the proof of this in the fact that its members display distinctive attributes relating to language, religion, and physiognomy or home push down origin. materialisation (1994) argued that ethnicity is a concept that has no significance in isolation. His thesis is that any analytical attempt should begin from the premise that ethnicity is a relational concept. According to Young and Turner (1985), we can provided find relevance in they. In somewhat cases those who define themselves as we ascribe to themselves positive attributes and lend oneself negative and disparag ing ones to the they group.Positive ethnicity refers to the constructive social-cultural identification with and a sensory faculty of belonging to a collapseicular ethic group. Negative ethnicity mostly in the form of tribalism or ethnocentrism is the pathological and destructive nature of ethnicity. It is when a particular ethnic partnership considers itself superior to an new(prenominal)wise(prenominal) communities. This form of hatred or repulsion of particular communities or individuals of a particular community is referred to as ethnic bigotry. Ethnic bigotry manifests in confused ship canal including speech, actions, and subtile or hidden repulsion of outsiders. It may also result in ethnic tensions or p lay waste toracted physical or non-physical conflict surrounded by ethnic groups (TJRC, 2013).Kenya, which is a multi-ethnic society with over 42 ethnic communities, is an invention of colonialists, an invention which seemed to realise been flawed from the start and hence was a crisis in the making because the invented territory brought together opposite ethnic communities, some of which had little or nonhing in common culturally. In Kenya, the mastery of ethnic affiliations comes to the fore in almost all aspects of human life. In cases where ethnic affiliations ar dependable like in politics, no one would like to think freely. People ceaselessly imagine that ethnic base thinking is the solution to every issue of concern but it is expenditure noning that much(prenominal) ethnic based thinking is a big challenge and threat to development. For instance in Kenya, the majority of the citizens who qualify for opportunities in establishment and state run organizations atomic number 18 never considered. Instead, politicians practice nepotism and those who wield billet fill the positions in their ministries or state run organizations with their relatives and constituents who ar ending associates.In Kenya, negative ethnicity has contrib uted to ethnic tensions which nurse culminated into military force. Proximate causes of force out are intrinsically related to democratization and the electoral cycle its roots are to be found in recent times and are governmentally instigated, and non primordial. As the move to multi-partyism became increasingly probable, senior politicians in legion(predicate) policy-making rallies issued inflammatory statements and utterances, asking for stack to go back to their hereditary de mover or they be forced out. The advent of the crazy ethnic clashes fast followed these rallies. As new governmental parties e corporate, a clear enduring human body of ethno- yearal interests appeared. The abandon then in Kenya appeared to be ethnicized brass of semipolitical conflict. Ethnicity in this case, was the medium of political force out and not its cause. However, the system once in place, became self-perpetuating for instance it increased the likelihood of future conflict by sh arpening ethnic identity and chauvinism, as well as promoting the doctrine that specific region of the Country belonged to the groups that originally occupied them. This led to coming up of ground such us outsiders, foreigners, strangers or aliens, and this is countless to the legal ownership of land and the constitutional right of all Kenyans to live anywhere of their choosing within their agricultural (Ndegwa, 1997).Until late 2007, Kenya was considered one of the most stable countries in Africa. It had functioned as eastward Africas financial and communications hub, the headquarters of many inter landal non-governmental organizations and a attractor for tourism. The violence that erupted in the wake of the controversial 2007 professorshipial resource tried Kenyas political stability more than never before, almost plunging the country into full-blown civil strife. Like a festering wound, it exposed the structural rot embedded in the countrys system. A convergence of irreg ularities, pertaining to land allocation, an overbearing presidency, a pervasive culture of impunity, and ethnicisation of baron, malfeasance and sheer mendacity among both the political elite and the family almost pushed Kenya over the precipice. Prior to the 2007 picks, the political elite had been conducting a consider of campaigns, but a closer look at these campaigns revealed that most of it was on ethnicity and the different ethnic identities that exist in the country. It turned out that the political elite had actually exploited the fact of Kenyan different ethnic identities to forward their political agendas.The disputed 2007 elections spurred outbreaks of violence across the country whose debacle was horrific 1,500 dead, 3,000 innocent women raped and 300,000 people left internally displaced. just about of this atrocities happened in the first 14 days afterwards the election. The severity of this conflict unfolded in a span of 59 days between the normal election da y, declination 27th, 2007 to February 28th, 2008 when a political compromise was reached. The magnitude of the combat injury and structural violence that took place in Kenya after the fourth multi-party prevalent election took both Kenyans and the inter landal community, alike, by surprise (Maupeu 2008). In retrospect, the violence that occurred could not only dupe been predicted, it could most likely have been prevented. affectionate issues which are both cultural and historical factors also played a role in causing the ethnic violence that was witnessed. Social inequality is not only the income gap between the upper and lower house but it also involves differences that exist in terms of access to education, health, calling and infrastructure development, political rights and representation. In Kenya, historical data suggests that public resources such as education facilities, health facilities and services, water, land, employment opportunities and amenities such as shelter, electricity, fuel, and physical infrastructure have tended to be distributed to the elite and those close to political power. For instance, economic growth has largely continued on the lines set by the earlier colonial structure and Kenyanization has radically changed the racial composition of the group of people in the center of power and many of its policies, but has had only limited effect. This extreme social inequality has resulted in differences in regional or geographic wellorganism which apparently coincide with ethnic identities as ethnic groups reside in specified geographical regions in the country. economical aspects of life are so dear to all persons. The ethnic violence experienced after the 2007 election also attributed to economic issues. Economic issues accommodate unequal distribution of resources and scarcity of resources. Ethnic conflicts are also an take of unequal economic opportunities. Another cause of the violence was cultural command together with polit ical suppression. Ethnic groups tend to have perceptions of another ethnic group being favored by the structures in place economically. marginalisation is also another key concept in this context. Kenya has faced a high rate of unequal distribution of resources across ethnic divides. The political ethnic game plays too on economic activities. For example, since independence in Kenya, the Kikuyu has always been granted a huge share of economic infrastructures. attain has been in question ever since. The distribution of the colonial settler land to the local communities in Kenya took and ethnic twist. For instance, in the buildup to the 2007 elections, in some part of shift Valley, Kikuyus were told that they ordain have to vacate their land before the elections, there were rumors that if Raila won, Kikuyus will have to go Jane Njoki a resident of Burnt Forest. When the election results were announced, they started burning our things and beating people because we are Kikuyus add ed Njoki.Economic causes also cast around appointments into public positions in government. This applies in both age and ethnic grounds. The youth in Kenya feel left out as all key positions are given to older people. This leaves the youths to be used by interested parties in violent conflicts. They also engage in these violent conflicts to obtain identity and let out their frustrations. Job opportunities are a way to economic welfare. Ethnic based appointments are also a cause of ethnic conflicts in Kenya. The ethnic group in power favors the ethnic community from which the leading individuals hail from. This leaves the other individuals from the other ethnic groups who qualify for the same appointment deprived and feeling left out.The political factors that cause ethnic conflicts are far more considered than all the other factors in the form of economic and social. Access to political power has, by and large, determined the distribution of socio-economic and political benefits. T he old Kenya constitution conferred vast powers to the president including power to allocate by nomination cabinet positions and make appointments to constitutionally protected offices. Regimes thereof entrenched their rule, assigned strategic administrative positions and direct political resources to support the then provinces or ethnic groups. Every political regime tends to allocate more of the national cake to their ethnic group or supporters at the expense of others. When one group is endowed with its interests the other groups feel marginalized and left out indeed the urge to speak out by violence upon the explosion of the frustrations from within as witnessed in 2007 post-election violence. homophobic government policies also play a signifi incline role in aggravating ethnic conflicts because the political class in Kenya influences all the other aspects. The politicians formulate, make, implement and amend laws. Distribution of wealth or resources follows the directives of the leaders. This is always the arguing behind ethnic conflicts in Kenya whereby the politics play an integral role in driving the nation away from nationhood to negative ethnicity. such ethnic divisive policies leads to the development of the feelings of being excluded, ignored, and discriminated against on the part of some ethnic communities. Kenyan politics are based on ethnic aspirations by political parties and also the regime power. Political alliances are made with regard to gaining ethnic support often resulting to formation of ethnically instigated opposition political parties to find ways and means to access political power as was witnessed in the build up to the 2007 presidential elections.Political inequalities also grant to the youth in Kenya and it is a factor for ethnic violence. The youth in Kenya aged between 18-35 years of age comprises about 60% of the national population. This shows how the demographic factor also plays part in the ethnic conflicts in Kenya. G eneral elections are the highly lucratively rewarding season for the youth. This is the most vapourisable cohort and politically salient because of three main factors the group is highly mobile, most educated and ne 2rked and also the most unemployed. Therefore they become most vulnerable to be politically lured or politically radicalized. For instance, the 2007/2008 post-election violence demonstrates how violently the youth engaged in the conflict. They were funded and mobilized by the non-youth to be volatile. A rationalize in Kenyan politics is the rise of youth militia, which have sometimes been identified to work for individual politicians. The youth involvement in violence and ethnic conflicts is purely instrumentalist and attributed to the youth claiming political space after being neglected. Political exclusion of the youth in Kenya is rampant thus the violence either on the ethnic based conflicts or other forms of demonstrations.Kenyas population is mainly Christian and comprised of Protestants and Catholics. There is also a trade good fraction of Muslims and Hindus and other traditional religions. While religion is domesticated by morals that are illuminated by combine, most states are manoeuvre by politics whose orientation is generally practical empirical and in most cases the church building service building. Although the church has been focal in articulating issues that destroy morality of the nation (Anderson Lochery, 2008), chronological events show that the church has been intertwined with issues of ethnic identities. The church leadership has not taken a united approach towards promoting positive ethnicity thus commingle religion and politics. On one hand, the church has been guilty of silence when it should have spoken and on the other, it has been guilty of actively precipitating negative ethnicity. thereof many religious leaders are unable to quell negative ethnicity because some of them have contributed immensely to it. For in stance, in Nakuru County, there is a strong presence of the church as yet the area has witnessed ethnic tension which has always resulted to tribal violence and ethnic killings in almost all election years. This could be an indication that the society has not received the voice of the church.In the run up to the 2007 general elections in Kenya, the church was seen as being openly partisan along ethnic lines. Christian believers were clearly split by conflicting prophesies of prominent Christian leaders who predicted victory for various candidates and prayed and anointed them as idols choice for president. The uncertainty generated by these conflicting views fuelled the divisions in the church. Reports from the Rift Valley indicate that the church leaders used civic education, requester meetings and other occasions to openly campaign for their preferred parties and candidates. During the post-election violence that erupted, some Christians withheld the biblical principles of love , heartsease and reconciliation and gave in to ethnic hatred and violence. I will never trust a Kikuyu again in my life. I cant express what has gone on in my heart. I cant live with you and fellowship in the same church for more than 10 years and instead of protecting me you are the first person to threaten me said Ken Okoth who lived in Naivasha prior to the 2007 elections. The church leaders also could not rise above their partisanship and give the country a clear moral direction and the church was reduced to a baffled spectator to the emerging tragic drama. The burning of over 400 churches during the violence was a sad reminder that many had come to regard churches not as sacred and neutral places of worship and sanctuary, but as part of the contested terrain of partisan politics. I recognized members of my own congregation in the mob that burnt down the church and my home says Rev. John MainaThe church has a duty to speak forceful on b courseer issues of justice yet this has not been evident in Kenya. In March 2008, the National Council of Churches of Kenya apologized to the nation for having taken sides during the 2007 general election. This was an important step in the long road to the church recovering its credibility and playing its role of being the smell of right and wrong of society. Several other churches also joined forces in an initiative that was dubbed Msafara the wheels of bank in which over 500 believers joined a caravan from Mombasa done Nairobi, Nakuru, Eldoret to Kisumu praying to cleanse the nation from demonic influences and taking humanitarian relief to internally displaced persons. Therefore, the church needs to do a lot more specially in evaluating its own role in promoting positive ethnicity. Some of the things that the church needs to do or is already doing are as at a lower placeDiscipling the nationThere is need to ask ourselves how is it that Christians so easily turned on each other. The church needs to be at the headw ay of fighting tribalism and forging an abiding spirit of nationhood. There is need to gravely address issues such as the gospel and culture, which go to the ethnic divisions that have plagued Kenya for many years. There is also need to connect spiritual warfare with rigorous socio-political analysis and engagement. The post-election violence was evidence enough that there is very little that is binding the different tribes together. Politicians have also made it very clear that if left to their own devises, they shall continue to mobilize for support along ethnic lines and therefrom continue to fracture this fragile country. The church therefore needs to urgently step into the void especially as we are nearing another election period in 2017 by defining the otherworldliness of our nationhood.rapprochement initiativesThe church has a prominent role to play in reconciliations all over the world. As the salt of the earth, Christians have a polity from God to make the world livable . Church leaders have a duty to promote unity in the multiethnic churches. The church essential understand its mission before God, not only to promote peace and reconciliation, but to develop structures that will sustain peace and overcome any incitement to violence. Whereas certain individuals can take partisan positions, the church as an institution should not be drawn into ethnic party politics. The church should teach the vanity of negative ethnicity and the value of unity in alteration by being guided by the bible.In Kenya where ethnic conflicts recur, the church should often strategically engage the citizenry with biblical lessons on insertion and Gods purpose for them to experience meaningful and selfless relationships. As the salt of the earth, the church should always use its flavor to influence others to seek value of harmony. The seismic disturbance of the church is the only hope of peace and reconciliation. Every person disregarding of race, religion, color, culture , class, sex, or age has an intrinsic dignity because of which he or she should be respected and served but not exploited. The church needs to reconcile people to God and, in the same manner, reconcile people to people.Embodying authentic communityThe church must embody authentic community, to show the world what relationships are to be. Community in African perception is alive in the sense that all people are connected to the community through spiritness of the community. It is therefore necessary for the church to provide a Christian definition of community that goes beyond ancestral connection. Community includes the wider human family. This community is generated and sustained by the grace of God in Christ by the Holy Spirit. Without this shaper intervention, humanity is incapable of go alonging the hatred and exclusion that hinder authentic community. Thus, sin has to be conquered for genuine community to be possible. Understanding the church as a family is a theological moti f that conquers ethnic divisions. The term family refers not merely to the nuclear family, but to the biblical idea of those who share a common ancestor, the founder of the church, Jesus Christ. In the family of God, there are no distinctions of social relations. Paul argued in his letter that individual differences are merged and unified into a common life in Christ (Ephesians 214-17). Therefore the divisions along ethnic lines must not exist in the church.Exhibiting a counter-cultural faithThe world can only be convinced that the church is a better alternative when the church constantly revisits and evaluates itself on the basis of John 1334-35 a new command I give you Love one another as I have loved you, so you must love one another. By this everyone will know that you are my disciples, if you love one another (NIV). One of the ways Jesus demonstrated his love for his followers was that he broke the walls of division and embraced all his disciples as his brothers and sisters, i rrespective of their tribe, race or nationality (Matt. 1246-50).The church community should exhibit a counter-cultural faith a faith that rises above the tides of ethnic divisions. The Christian faith is a way of being. It is to know God and become a changed person. Being a changed person calls for a counter-cultural expression of faith. To be a changed Christian means exhibiting the inward transformational reality outwardly. It means expressing an alternative faith, an alternative prevailing culture. By being counter-cultural, the church exhibits to the world, a world characterized by divisions and violence, a different way of being human. Counter-cultural faith also means harmony, cooperation, and reconciliation. It also means representing Jesus in the world. Such representation calls for a heroic faith, the interruption of status quo including power, politics, and domination, and introducing a different way of practicing these realities. By interrupting the status quo, the church embodies how it is to live differently. It shows that it is possible to transcend negative practices that have for a very long time resulted in ethnic violence.ReferencesAnderson, D. Lochery E. (2008). Violence and exodus in Kenyas Rift Valley Predictableand preventable? Journal of East African Studies, 2(2), 328-343.Brown, D. (2000). Contemporary Nationalism Civic, Etnocultural Multicultural Politics.London and vernal York Routledge.Easton David (1965). A Framework for Political Analysis, Englewood Cliffs N. J., Prentice-Hall, p4Gachanga Timothy (April 2012). Kenya. Ethnic Agendas and Patronage fold the formationof a Coherent Kenyan Identity. Africa File at issue Ezine Vol. 14Laswell, D. Harold, (1936). Politics Who Gets What, When, How. New York Whittessey, p.3Laws of Kenya. The Constitution of Kenya, 2010.Maupeu, H. (2008). Revisiting post-election violence. Lafargue, J. (Ed.). The generalelections in Kenya, 2007. (pp. 187-223). Dar es Salaam Mkuki na Nyota PublishersLtd.Muh ula, Raymond (2009). Horizontal Inequalities and Ethnic-regional Politics in Kenya.Kenya Studies Review. I, I, 85-105Ndegwa, Stephen. Citizenship and Ethnicity An examination of two transition moments inKenyan politics, American Political Science Review 91, 3, 1997Njonjo, M. (2008) Regaining Our Saltiness The role warning of the Church in Post-ElectionKenya. An address to the Reunion and Annual General shock of the Kenya ChurchAssociation.Ostieno Namwaya. Referendum Exposed Dominance of Tribalism The Sunday Standard,January 8th 2006 p.16The Report of the Truth, Justice and Reconciliation Commission (TJRC) (2013) Volume III.Nairobi, 2013. Retrieved from www.tjrckenya.orgYieke, F. (2010). Ethnicity and Development in Kenya Lessons from 2007 GeneralElections. Kenya Studies Review. 3, 3, 5-16.Young, C. (1994). Ethnic Diversity and domain Policy. Draft occasional paper for the UNResearch Institute for Social Development, World gratuity on Social Development,Geneva, August.InterviewsJ ane Njoki, 42 year old mother of two who used to live in Burnt Forest area in Rift Valley before the 2007 PEV 12 October 2016Ken Okoth a agent flower farm worker in Naivasha and currently a principal in Kibera area of Nairobi. Nairobi 8 October 2016Rev John Maina was trail out of his home in Molo, Rift Valley Province, in a wave of violence that rocked many areas of Kenya following the disputed elections in December 2007 Nakuru, 9 October 2016

Presentation on the Expansion of the Universe

insertion on the Expansion of the UniverseGood morning/afternoon, at once I will be talking to you ab kayoed the passing worldly concern. The topics that I will be covering now would be thesis statement, Background to the Universe Expansion, what causes it to expand? what evidence be in that location to support it, did it start from the Big flack? And what happens to the galaxies as it expands? These topics will be supported through the key supposition how gravity is related to the expansion of the man? I would like to beget with my thesis statement, the earth of discourse is expanding and as the existence expands the galaxies are only told moving away from each new(prenominal) in all directions and the once that are the farthest are moving the fastest. Does this mean that no case what galaxy we are in, everything is expanding?, is our galaxy the milky way also expanding? Does this mean that the full solar system is expanding? What ab away the things on earth? An d also does the fare of matter present also increase through the expansion? The practise to all these question relates back to the year of 1929 when an astronomer at named Edwin Hubble discover that the universe is expanding through the biggest compass that was available in his time. He pointed the telescope at distant galaxies and for the first time we could see those distant galaxies and he noticed roughlything very funny about the luminosity from them. The giddy from those galaxies were bolshy shifted which means those galaxies were moving away from us.Redshift Hubble constant like a shot like sound, on the loose(p) travel out from its source as a wave, different work have different wavelengths, blue light have a comparatively short wavelength whereas blushing(a) light have a relatively durable wavelength. Consider an object that moves away from you, as it continues to move then the wavelength of its light get stretched and moves towards the red end of the spectrum a nd so we claver this a red shift. Every galaxy that Hubble looked at was rushing away from our galaxy whitish Way. He realised that the further away the galaxy was, the bigger the redshift of the light and that meant those galaxies were moving away from us at faster and faster speeds. Its not that the galaxies are moving apart but its the accompaniment that the entire universe is expanding, the whole of aloofness is getting bigger. This discovery take us to an astonishing conclusion that all the matter that we see today must at wholeness time have been in a very dense and hot region of space and that is the phase we call the Big Bang.The fate of the universeIt is taken around 13 bingle million million million years for our visible universe to get to where it is today, but what does the future save and tell us about ten years ago, cosmologist have deuce-ace theories for what would happen to our universe one the open universe if there wasnt enough gravity, then the universe would keep slowly expanding for ever and compose infinite. Two the closed universe that the amount of gravity in the universe would slow its expansion down until it collapses back in on itself, And tierce the flat universe that there would be just a ameliorate amount of gravity so that the universe grows to a particular size of it and then stops. just then astronomers discovered something completely unexpected. The expansion of the universe is accelerating and they realised that there must be something pushing on it and we go intot know what it is, but we know it is there.In early clock of 1900s, astronomers presumed that the universe was slowing down and that the gravity would hold everything down and maybe will come back and explode again and people verbalized this idea with a mathematical expression that the universe is flat signification that the universe will continue to expand slowly without ever stopping. But relatively now in this 21st century, astronomers were trying to find out that at which rate is the universe slowing down using frightful technologies like telescopes all around the world and observing the dark wickedness sky and the supernovas referring to the standard brightness that relates to the distances. But what they actually discovered was that the universe is not slowing down. But it is accelerating the universe is accelerating at its expansion and do you know wherefore? No one knows why, no one knows why but what you hear these days is the expression dark matter or dark energy and these are mathematical concepts which explain the gravitational attractions of galaxies, clusters of stars and their expansion. Doesnt it seem logical that something is out there that is causing the universe to expand, it fanny be considered here also on Earth but its the fact the we arrogatet know how to detect it.The Hubble diagramNow days we have the distance that Hubble measured using the sapphires and the velocity he measured using the red shift and the blue shift of the spectra. So we are scientists we like to make charts and graphs so lets graph these two things, the galaxy velocity versus the galaxy distance and this is the chart that Hubble made. from each one of the point on this graph is a unique galaxy and what you stop see here is that many, in fact most of the galaxies are redshifted. Moreover, galaxies that are further away are higher redshifted than galaxies that are close. Now yes there are couple blueshifted galaxies on this plot if you look closely, and thats finely because these are galaxies that are actually very close to us such(prenominal) as the andromeda galaxy and it turns out that we are gravitationally attracted to one some other, we are pulling each other in and we will in couple billion years slam into the Andromeda galaxy and will make one big new galaxy. Now we can miss those local effects but the general overwhelming effect is that galaxies that disengage faster from us, the more(p renominal) distant they are and this is the Hubble law. And this of course, is another c counterchange in our understanding of the universe because what it suggests or supports is that instead of living in just a universe with the galaxies that are sort of hanging out and not doing much, we are actually living inside an expanding universe.The grid expanding universe representationThis grid represents space and each little square is a bit of space and these little dots are the galaxies that recede in space and now galaxies are free to move through space, they do that similarly like I said that we are going to hit Andromeda and thats because both galaxies are moving through space at one another. But the other thing that happens is that the galaxies move away from one another because space itself is expanding between them.so here is space at some beginning time and here is space at a subsequently time when the space itself has expanded. You can see that the galaxies havent travel r elative to the grid of space but theyve moved from one another because the space itself has gotten much larger and no matter where you are, no matter which galaxy that you are in, if you look at all the other galaxies they all appear to be moving away from you with a velocity that is proportionate to their distance, so things that are moving away faster are more distant from us.The balloon specimenYou can also think of the example of a balloon being blown up, just imagine the open air of the balloon and there are little dots that are little galaxies all over the resurrect of the balloon and as you blow it up the surface itself increases and so all the little dots representing galaxies move away from all the other little dots on the surface and are accelerating in their expansion and this is the universe that we live in now. This agency that is causing this accelerating expansion is called the dark energy, so it appears that although we answered all of the big questions, we are s till left with many more. We dont know what the dark matter is but we know that it is there. What happened in the early stages of our universe? We dont know the answer to that either. We havent got any clue to as what our universe is going to be doing billions of years of now, we just dont know because we dont understand it but with the astonishing technologies that are available to us today and through the discovery of Edwin Hubble, we know one thing for sure, the universe is expanding.

Performance Study of Multiphase Catalytic Monolith Reactor

mental process Study of Multi physique catalytic Monolith ReactorPerformance study of multiphase catalytic monolith nuclear nuclear reactor and its comparison with the movement of carry screw reactor (TBR)Xiaofeng WangIntroductionMultiphase reactors atomic number 18 found in diverse applications much(prenominal) as in manufacture of petroleum- base fuels and convergences, in achievement of commodity and specialty chemicals, pharmaceuticals, herbicides and pesticides, in production of reals and in pollution hiatus 1. A trace motivation for implementing multiphase reactor technology has more often than not been driven by the discovery and development of new or meliorate atom smashers for either emerging or existing processes 2. A wealth of products argon produced in multiphase catalytic replys. Among the multiphase reply systems, the monolith reactor, slurry emit column and the flow bum reactor (TBR) (Figure 1) atomic number 18 being utilize roughly extensivel y.Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the pilot scale trickle chouse reactorFigure 2. Schematic diagram of the pilot scale monolith reactor 3In general, monolith reactors refer to reactors that contain accelerators with certain social systems or arrangements (Figure 2). According to this definition, on that point are many different types of monolith reactors, such as h 1ycomb, foam, and fiber reactors, etc. Usually monolith reactors refer to those containing catalysts with parallel straight channels in side the catalyst block. Monoliths can carry restless catalyst in two ways the surface can have a bun in the oven a washcoat of the active catalyst, or the structure can be impregnated with active catalyst. Monolith reactors offer several advantages over traditionalistic random improve beds or slurry reactors, such as better can agitate characteristics, higher volumetric productivity for a smaller keep down of catalyst, elimination of filtration step and baseborner compress drop.In recently years, monoliths as multiphase reactors to replace trickle-bed and slurry reactors have received more and more attention. The honeycomb monolith has been very successful in shove along phase reactors, most notably as the structured support for the conversion of pollutants in vehicle exhausts. The latent of monoliths to act as a catalytic support for multiphase reactions has been accepted for over 20 years and much recent work has been through to extend the application of monoliths to luculent and bumbleliquid systems 4, 5. Monoliths offer the benefits of an absence seizure of a need for filtering catalyst from the product, low pressure drop, high geometrical surface area, safer operation and, perhaps most significantly, potentially easy scale-up. However, the latter(prenominal) is crucially dependent upon being able to achieve an even gasliquid distribution across the channels. Furthermore, maldistribution can lead to a enormous residence time distribution acr oss the radial section of monolith with because lower selectivity, ineffective catalyst usage and hot spots in the reactor 5, 6.Some of the applications that have been proposed or explored intromit hydrodesulphurization of oil, liquefied coal, and dibenzothiophene hydrogenation or dehydrogenation associated with various(a) aromatic compounds oxidation reactions. Applications of monolith structured packed beds used for distillation and adsorption have also been reported. Now research has been done on monolith reactors in many areas, such as preparation and extruding techniques, applications and performance to various reactions, flux regime and hydrodynamics studies, mass and heat transfer, and modeling and trick including computational smooth dynamics (CFD) simulation 7-10. This report will decompose and summarize the performance of catalytic monolith reactor on the different reactions, such as hydrogenation, dehydrogenation 11-18 and oxidation 19-22 reactions, and mostly foc us on the studies published in the last 10 years.Advantages Of Monolith ReactorsFor multiphase reaction applications, different types of established reactors have been used in industry. The major ones are the trickle bed reactor (TBR), slurry eruct column reactor and the stirred ice chest slurry reactor. Each reactor type has its own advantages and shortcomings. A TBR is a convenient reactor compared to slurry bubble column reactor and the stirred tank slurry reactor, although larger servingicles must be used to guarantee moderate pressure drop. However, on the catalyst surface, where the liquid is either depleted or imperfectly covers the catalyst surface, dry areas are encountered these substantially reduce the liquidsolid contacting efficiency of the trickle-bed reactor 23. Besides, local anaesthetic hot spots may develop and cause runaways. Adding to the problem are the low gasliquid velocities required to avoid excessive pressure drop. This requirement results in high oper ational costs and low productivity. For the slurry bubble column reactor and stirred tank reactor, the slurry catalysts are very small, which needs the reactors offer very simple reactor geometry, high heat removal, smooth mass transfer characteristics, and a high effectiveness factor. Moreover, it is very thorny to separate product and catalyst, and catalyst attrition in these reactors. Another major drawback of conventional reactors for multiphase reactions is the difficulty of scale-up to industrial size units 24.Monolith reactors, as smart reactors, can overcome the above-mentioned disadvantages with their excellent design. Monolith catalysts or monolith reactors have nearly common features in most of the applications they are used for. These features or characteristics include (1) low pressure drop especially under high fluid throughputs (2) elimination of revealdoor(a) mass transfer and internal diffusion limitations (3) low axial dispersion and backmixing, and hence high product selectivity (4) larger external surface (5) uniform distribution of flow (gas phase) (6) elimination of fouling and plugging, and thus incr quilt catalyst lifetime (7) easy scale-up, etc 25. Monolith reactors with these features or characteristics can make up the shortcomings of conventional reactors and can be an attractive alternative to other conventional multiphase reactors.Monolith Reactor Performance And Comparison With TBRAmong the various chemical reactions occurring in broad range of industrial application areas, catalytic gas-liquid-solid reactions are encompassingspread 10, 23. These reactions occur extensively in chemical, petroleum, petrochemical, biochemical, material, and environmental industrial processes for a wide variety of products (such as hydrogenation, oxidation, and alkylation). Recent research has shown that monolithic reactors with a gasliquid flow in small regular channels with an active component deposited on the walls can lead to performa nce enhancement in comparison with such conventional multiphase reactors as trickle bed 14, 26-28 and slurry reactors 29-31. The performance enhancement is mainly attributed to the more intensive contact between all phases and better mass transfer inherent in the gulp flow, which is characterized by the passage of elongated gas bubbles being separated by liquid slugs 32.As a rule, research on monolithic reactors is focussed on two different options with regard to practical realization. The first one is the application of monolithic systems as alternative to batch reactors, where a fixed catalyst (instead of a suspended catalyst) is used at superficial velocities involve for maximum conversion 33, 34. The second one is the utilization of monolithic catalysts in the column type reactors, which usually employ randomly packed catalyst particles 35.In this section, I select two different kinds of reactions to discuss the performance of a monolith reactor. And the performance is compare d with that of a TBR operated at conditions typically employed for TBR. Moreover, I will point out some potential research orientations on the basis of the main problems encountered in recent research.Selective Hydrogenation of 2-butyne-1,4-diol To Butane-1,4-diolCatalytic, multiphase hydrogenation has been carried out commercially for over a century. A huge variety of reactions are accomplished via this process, using predominantly heterogeneous catalysts. In addition, product value and volumes vary enormously by several orders of magnitude. Given this diversity it is therefore perhaps somewhat surprising that these reactions are carried out for the most part in just one reactor type the stirred tank reactor. Furthermore, this type of reactor has been at the core of industry for over a century 36. There are a number of other well-established alternatives used in the large-scale chemical industries 37 including the TBR, which is used almost exclusively in refinery hydroprocessing an d extensively for hydrogenation in petrochemical plants. However, these reactor designs prove difficult to scaleup as key length-scales do not scale in a similar fashion. Monolith reactors, as novel reactors, can overcome the drawbacks with their distinctive design.A comparison between the monolithic reactors with traditional trickle bed reactors was reported by Fishwick et al. for a model reaction in both terms of activity and selectivity 29. Besides, the scale-out of a single channel to larger monoliths of 1256 and 5026 channels is analyzed, demonstrating the potential for rate and selectivity enhancements whilst allowing ease of scale-out. The selective hydrogenation of 2-butyne-1,4-diol was studied as the model reaction. This is a consecutive reaction widely applied in the production of butane-1,4-diol, a raw material used in the polymers industry and in the manufacture of tetrahydrofuran (THF) 38. Several side reactions are possible, as illustrated in Figure 3, for example the 4-hydroxybutyraldehyde and its cyclic hemiacetal, 2-hydroxytetrahydrofuran, as a consequence of double-bond isomerisation and hydrogenolysis reactions 15.Figure 3. Reaction scheme for hydrogenation of 2-butyne-1,4-diol ratiocinationThe monolith reactor achieved the highest selectivity towards the alkene intermediate in the hydrogenation of 2-butyne-1,4-diol when compared to trickle bed reactors. handout of selectivity is for the most part due to the formation of non-hydrogenation side products. The high selectivity ascertained in the monolith can be partly attributed to the high dispersion of palladium and small palladium particle size on the washcoat support. However, differences in product distribution between single- and two- phase modes of operation suggest that mass transfer of hydrogen to the catalyst surface also influences the selectivity. The reactor design and run mode can therefore be optimised to achieve maximum selectivity. Additionally, a comparison of a single capil lary with 5 and 10 cm monoliths (1256 and 5026 channels, respectively) indicates that initial reaction rates and selectivity are maintained.Reference1. Dudukovic, M.P., F. Larachi, and P.L. Mills, Multiphase reactors revisited. chemical substance engineering Science, 1999. 54(13-14) p. 1975-1995.2. Dudukovi, M.P., F. Larachi, and P.L. Mills, Multiphase catalytic reactors A perspective on authoritative knowledge and future trends. Catalysis Reviews Science and plan, 2002. 44(1) p. 123-246.3. Cordiner, S. and G. De Simone, A new attack for modeling the thermal behavior of methane catalytic partial oxidation monolith reactors. journal of Fuel Cell Science and Technology, 2010. 7(1) p. 0110201-01102011.4. Nijhuis, T.A., F.M. Dautzenberg, and J.A. Moulijn, Modeling of monolithic and trickle-bed reactors for the hydrogenation of styrene. chemical substance Engineering Science, 2003. 58(7) p. 1113-1124.5. Roy, S. and M. Al-Dahhan, Flow distribution characteristics of a gasliquid monol ith reactor. Catalysis Today, 2005. 105(34) p. 396-400.6. train Gulijk, C., et al., Intrinsic channel maldistribution in monolithic catalyst support structures. chemical Engineering Journal, 2005. 109(1) p. 89-96.7. Navalho, J.E.P., et al., Catalytic partial oxidation of methane rich mixtures in non-adiabatic monolith reactors. external Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2013. 38(17) p. 6989-7006.8. Gundlapally, S.R. and V. Balakotaiah, Analysis of the effect of substrate material on the steady-state and transient performance of monolith reactors. Chemical Engineering Science, 2013. 92 p. 198-210.9. Vlakh, E.G. and T.B. Tennikova, Flow-through immobilized enzyme reactors based on monoliths II. Kinetics study and application. Journal of Separation Science, 2013. 36(6) p. 1149-1167.10. Wang, T., et al., Numerical investigation on CO2 photocatalytic reduction in optical fiber monolith reactor. Energy change and Management, 2013. 65 p. 299-307.11. Kreutzer, M.T., et al., Multiphase monolith reactors Chemical reaction engineering of segmented flow in microchannels. Chemical Engineering Science, 2005. 60(22) p. 5895-5916.12. Liu, W., et al., Monolith reactor for the dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene to styrene. industrial and Engineering chemical science Research, 2002. 41(13) p. 3131-3138.13. Nijhuis, T.A., et al., Monolithic catalysts as efficient three-phase reactors. Chemical Engineering Science, 2001. 56(3) p. 823-829.14. Nijhuis, T.A., et al., Monolithic catalysts as more efficient three-phase reactors. Catalysis Today, 2001. 66(2-4) p. 157-165.15. Xiaoding, X., et al., Monolithic catalysts for selective hydrogenation of benzaldehyde. Catalysis Today, 1996. 30(1-3) p. 91-97.16. Edvinsson, R.K. and A. Cybulski, A comparison between the monolithic reactor and the trickle-bed reactor for liquid-phase hydrogenations. Catalysis Today, 1995. 24(1-2) p. 173-179.17. Hatziantoniou, V., B. Andersson, and N.H. Schn, big money transfer and selectivity in liquid-phase hydrogen ation of nitro compounds in a monolithic catalyst reactor with segmented gas-liquid flow. Industrial Engineering chemical science Process Design and phylogenesis, 1986. 25(4) p. 964-970.18. Hatzlantonlou, V. and B. Andersson, section TWO-PHASE FLOW MONOLITHIC CATALYST REACTOR. AN ALTERNATIVE FOR LIQUID-PHASE HYDROGENATIONS. Industrial Engineering Chemistry, Fundamentals, 1984. 23(1) p. 82-88.19. Albers, R.E., et al., Development of a monolith-based process for H2O2 production From idea to large-scale implementation. Catalysis Today, 2001. 69(1-4) p. 247-252.20. Klinghoffer, A.A., R.L. Cerro, and M.A. Abraham, Catalytic wet oxidation of acetic acid using platinum on alumina monolith catalyst. Catalysis Today, 1998. 40(1) p. 59-71.21. Klinghoffer, A.A., R.L. Cerro, and M.A. Abraham, Influence of Flow Properties on the Performance of the Monolith fizz Reactor for Catalytic Wet Oxidation of Acetic Acid. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 1998. 37(4) p. 1203-1210.22. Cr ynes, L.L., R.L. Cerro, and M.A. Abraham, Monolith froth reactor development of a novel three-phase catalytic system. AIChE Journal, 1995. 41(2) p. 337-345.23. Roy, S., et al., Monoliths as multiphase reactors A review. AIChE Journal, 2004. 50(11) p. 2918-2938.24. Kapteijn, F., et al., New non-traditional multiphase catalytic reactors based on monolithic structures. Catalysis Today, 2001. 66(2-4) p. 133-144.25. Chen, J., et al., Mathematical modeling of monolith catalysts and reactors for gas phase reactions. Applied Catalysis A General, 2008. 345(1) p. 1-11.26. Kapteijn, F., et al., Monoliths in multiphase catalytic processes Aspects and prospects. CATTECH, 1999. 3(1) p. 24-41.27. Bauer, T., et al., imitate and simulation of the monolithic reactor for gas-liquid-solid reactions. Chemical Engineering Research and Design, 2005. 83(7 A) p. 811-819.28. Yawalkar, A.A., et al., axial mixing in monolith reactors Effect of channel size. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 200 5. 44(7) p. 2046-2057.29. Fishwick, R.P., et al., Selective hydrogenation reactions A comparative study of monolith CDC, stirred tank and trickle bed reactors. Catalysis Today, 2007. 128(1-2 SPEC. ISS.) p. 108-114.30. Cybulski, A., et al., Monolithic reactors for fine chemicals industries A comparative abstract of a monolithic reactor and a mechanically agitated slurry reactor. Chemical Engineering Science, 1999. 54(13-14) p. 2351-2358.31. Lisi, L., et al., Cu-ZSM5 based monolith reactors for NO decomposition. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2009. 154(1-3) p. 341-347.32. Liu, W., S. Roy, and X. Fu, Gas-liquid catalytic hydrogenation reaction in small catalyst channel. AIChE Journal, 2005. 51(8) p. 2285-2297.33. Bauer, T. and S. Haase, Comparison of structured trickle-bed and monolithic reactors in Pd-catalyzed hydrogenation of alpha-methylstyrene. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2011. 169(1-3) p. 263-269.34. Boger, T., et al., Monolithic Catalysts as an Alternative to Slurry Systems Hy drogenation of Edible Oil. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 2004. 43(10) p. 2337-2344.35. Enache, D.I., et al., Direct comparison of a trickle bed and a monolith for hydrogenation of pyrolysis gasoline. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 2005. 44(25) p. 9431-9439.36. Stitt, E., et al., Multiphase hydrogenation reactorspast, present and future. 2003 The purplish Society of Chemistry London.37. Mills, P.L. and R.V. Chaudhari, Multiphase catalytic reactor engineering and design for pharmaceuticals and fine chemicals. Catalysis Today, 1997. 37(4) p. 367-404.38. Natividad, R., et al., Analysis of the performance of single capillary and triplex capillary (monolith) reactors for the multiphase Pd-catalyzed hydrogenation of 2-butyne-1,4-diol. Chemical Engineering Science, 2004. 59(22-23) p. 5431-5438.

Reflective Essay On Breaking Bad News To Patients Nursing Essay

Reflective Essay On falling out Bad News To Patients Nursing EssayIm writing a contemplative essay based on Gibbs model of refection, this is a six pointedness evaluation process and promotes honourable practice through evaluation of experiences, acquired immune deficiency syndrome learning and conk out understanding on how to deal with similar situations in future practice, the six stages comprise of description, musical noteings, evaluation, analysis, conclusion and finally an action protrude (Gibbs, 1998). The department of health (DoH) advises primary c be, to use reflective practice and encourages structured working with all superior within the community and hospitals of the local authority (DoH, 2000), which is incorporate in my reflection.All names and identities r to each one been changed to maintain confidentially in accordance with the jurisprudence of conduct (NMC, 2009). I will seek an experience I had whilst based in a local devote hospital, discussing a situ ation that I entangle uncomfortable with and unsure how to fuck emotionally, psychologically and professionally. This situation evolved afterward a uncomplaining had been well-favored prominent intelligence service by a physician and talks intimately the events after this occurred.I feel it is important to discuss get awaying bad news as this area of converse is often an area that even the professional person finds difficult (Brewin, 1998). The inter-professional teams all have different education and prep confidential information to different views as to how the subject should be arranged and the best right smart to break bad news. Schildman et al. (2005) stated in that location is a need for particularised education on breaking bad news, ensuring all professionals where proficient in this area with an aim to improve skills and continuity.By bad news Buckman (1984) exposit as each development wedded that is likely to dramatically substitute a uncomplainings v iew of their future. The bad news that is delivered may not be about lowest illness or death that could be a lifestyle altering condition like diabetes, heart malady or HIV (Peate, 2006). Arber Gallagher (2004) defined bad news as any information devoted that is not welcome. Traditionally delivering bad news has been considered the doctors role, contempt having little education or preparation in this area (Vandekieft, 2001). Although a wet-nurse may not be delivering bad news directly, it is an ineluctable part of healthcare (Price, 2006) and an integral part of their role (Tobin Begley, 2008). It is however, important to flirt with that the role of breaking bad news is not the responsibleness of erect one profession but should be a shared responsibility with all the inter-professionals within the multi disciplinary team (Jevon, 2010).Mr M, 72 year senile male, admitted to the ward and initially presented with intense intermittent pain in pelvic area and legs. After se veral investigations with other hospital inter-professional teams Mr M underwent tests such(prenominal) as x-rays, cat s sewers and MRI scans. This led to a diagnosis that Mr M had bone and lung metastases, this is also k this instantn as secondary crab louse. Metastatic crabby person occurs when the cancer cells breaks from the primary site, relocate to another(prenominal) area of the body and thusly forms secondary tumours (American Cancer Society, 2010). Cancer is deemed as the most feared diagnosis in todays society (Kalber, 2009). The junior doctor had discussed these results with Mr M, whilst he remained on the ward and without another member of staff with him during the conversation. It is suggested that bad news should be delivered to the patient by some(a)one they know (Lomas et al, 2004). This leads to a much debated subject as to who should break bad news (Brewin, 1998), due to the belief that some doctors are not well prepared and have lack of training and preparation for this line of work (Vandekeift, 2001). Whereas, the nurses have more than communication with the patient and can build a better rapport (Jevon, 2010). The doctor with Mr M should have made him aware, that he had terminal cancer but we were unable to verify this. The written information in Mr Ms notes where thought by the nurses to be to brief and accordingly not well preserve due to a lack of in-depth flesh out but the doctor could argue the notes were ok, they had ac association he had spoken to Mr M about his results.After the doctors consultation Mr M was positive and upbeat and nonetheless trying to do as much as he could for himself. afterward that day he had spoken to me stating that the doctor indispensablenessed to run more test, informing me that they were going to look for the primary cancer site as this may be treatable. My intrinsic feeling was that Mr M thought he could be cured. This made me feel awkward and uncomfortable being or so him and I found it di fficult to know what to say to him, as I was aware of his terminal diagnosis. I was unsure as to what information the doctor had told Mr M or if the doctor had checked he had understood. As doctors have different education and views than the nursing staff it leads to professional indifferences. Mr Ms demeanor may have been his way of move and could have indicated that he was in self-renunciation. Denial is a way for the separate to cover and regain some control, when bad news is delivered leading to an uncontrollable situation like a diagnosis of terminal illness (Burgess, 1994). I felt as if I was withholding information from him that he should be aware of. This made me feel as if I was lying to Mr M, something I was uncomfortable with and I felt compromised ethically, as I was more that aware of his rights to be certain and my code of conduct that states I should be open and honest (NMC, 2008). This made me want to avoid conversation with Mr M as I was unsure how to share t he situation and was worried in case he asked me any questions, as this could have led to boost distress to myself or Mr M. However, it is normal when giving or receiving bad news to feel psychological distress but if supported and managed well you can avoid damaging long price effects (Fukui et al, 2009). I had discuss with nurse in charge that I had concerns about Mr M and queried if he had definitely been told of his terminal diagnosis. Mr Ms pique and demeanour was monitored by the nursing staff over the next deuce weeks, with occasional subtle prompts for him to ask any questions or to comment on how he felt. After this time the palliative care team were informed of Mr Ms situation and invited to the ward by the nursing team, to talk to Mr M and explain his illness was terminal, help him acknowledge this and start to come to terms with his situation and prepare himself and his family with what was to come. The palliative care team have more experience and practice in commu nication with those diagnosed with terminal cancer.The terminal patient can experience numerous different emotions (Peate, 2006), these have been studied by Kulber-Ross in the 1960s and Murry-Parkes in the 1980s. They both suggest that there are five stages of heartache and structured these into models of bereavement (sometime known as the grief cycle). Kulber-Ross (1969) stated that not each person will react in the same way or go through all the stages in order. The five stages are Denial, Anger, Bargaining, Depression or grief and then Acceptance. A death patient will often go through these stages whilst approach shot to terms with their own death (Kulber-Ross, 1969).I felt it was good that Mr M had taken onboard some of the information the doctor had told him and he was in good spirits and trying to do as much as possible. That Mr M was able to communicate well with the nursing team and had benefited from the expertise, kindness and knowledge from all the inter-professional teams from the porters who regularly moved Mr M and showed patience and understanding regarding his pain, to the reassurance given him by the radiographers and their expertise to minimise his discomfort, pain and the palliative care team who showed patience and understanding and with their unique knowledge were able to help Mr M come to terms with his terminal cancer, understand it better and help him cope with his situation. All these people are specialist in their own handle and were involved with Mr Ms care amongst several others. It was good that personally I had built a good rapport with Mr M, which helped me to be aware of his behaviour and highlight my concerns with the nurses. Enabling me to raise awareness and question the nurses as to if Mr M had been informed of his diagnosis or question was he in defense mechanism?I thought it was bad that no-one who had worked regularly with Mr M i.e. a nurse was with the doctor when he was told his diagnosis and that it was a junior doctor that Mr M did not know very well. The information about the discussion hadnt been recorded in detail, as to what was said and if Mr M had understood this information. So we had to retain assumptions due to the lack of detail, we could only get hold if Mr M was in defense through time. Also that I felt I had to avoid communication with Mr M as I found it difficult due to his terminal illness and was unsure what to say to him. I realised talking about dying directly with the dying patient an area I was uncomfortable with and felt unprepared for and therefore avoided the situation. This is echoed by Trovo de Arujo and de Silva (2004) where he suggested that many people will approach communication differently with a dying patient this includes avoidance patterns, which may be due to difficulties in coping with human suffering and death.I have to assume the doctor had given Mr M the correct information about his diagnosis, which left the conclusion that Mr M had not fully unde rstood this information or was in denial about his terminal cancer. I should have contacted the doctor who consulted with Mr M to ascertain as to how the information was given and how he felt Mr M had responded to this. Explaining Mr Ms current behaviour and his understanding that they were still looking for the cause of the cancer and this when located could be treated. This may have improved the situation, by leading to the doctor returning to re-explain to Mr M with another member of the ward. It is now thought that the doctor may not be the most catch person to give bad news and in some situations it may be better for a nurse to do this role (Resuscitation Council UK, 2006).If I was presented with a similar situation, I now feel I would manage the situation better, as I have learnt through reflection of these events. sometimes caring for a dying patient can be intimidating as in our nursing role we believe we are there to improve a patients health so they will get better (Peate , 2006) but the reality is we have a unique role to wait on the patient to health or to a peaceful death (Henderson, 19996). common land sense and forward planning, the use of a structured model can help prevent any distress or communication disasters (Walker et al, 2001). I feel that the communication of bad news should be delivered to a patient avoiding medical terminology (Back et al, 2005), as this reduces misinterpretation (Innes, 2009). The inter-professional teams will benefit the individual by supporting each other and drawing on each others knowledge, helping to reduce long term distress (Fukui et al, 2009) or further avoidance of distressing situations. It is also important to be aware that every patient will react differently to bad news (Kulber-Ross, 1969) and to immortalise their family will also require lots of information and support at this time (Dougherty Lister, 2008).

Springbreak and The Savvy Traveler :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Spring correspond and The Savvy TravelerFor many college students, spring break is an exciting part of their college experience. It is a chance to get away from classes, relax, and possibly even take a vacation. Some students travel either in the U.S. or outside of the country, or even just enjoy age with family at home, but the truth remains that precaution is an important factor to be remembered during spring break. While most students will have a safe and pleasant spring break, occasionally whatever trips have some unexpected ripples in plans and bear turn into a nightm ar for twain the students and their parents. In order to avoid dangerous events that may happen on spring break, some(prenominal) organizations have developed spring break preventative tips for students in order to steer clear of trouble. In an article compose by the U.S. Department of State on international travel safety for students, drugs, alcohol, and disorderly behavior are cited as the most com mon causes of sunk vacations. In fact, each year over 2500 Americans are arrested in contrary countries for possession of illegal drugs and narcotic charges. This large number of arrests is likely referable to two things drugs that are legal in one country may be illegal in a neighboring country that students similarly visit and since many students are unaware of each countrys laws, some young people may run short victimized. In adjunct to drugs, alcohol is often a problem on spring break. Charges such as drunk in public, underage drinking, and drunk impulsive are all major causes of student arrests while on spring break. mobbish behavior and security issues are also a primary advert of the government for students. The safety, supervision, and security in foreign countries differ from that of the U.S., making it easier for students to become injured or worse die students have died from automobile accidents, go from balconies or into open ditches, drowning in the oc ean, and water sport accidents.Besides particularised tips for students to stay safe while traveling abroad, many organizations have offered trips for driving and also general safety tips while on vacation. Road trips can be a great way to bond with your friends, see raw things, and also cut down on traveling costs. However, many students bolt to remember the dangers that driving can present, even if they have been driving for several years.

Right, Wrong and Everything In Between Essay -- Ethics, Morality

In the fields of education and psychology, scholars loosely advocate increased moral education in hopes of instilling in children a desire to develop their own source (Huitt, 2004 Nucci, 2008). Nucci (2008) argues that while invariablyy(prenominal) of the social concerns in the United States are not intrinsically moral, at that place exists a linkage between social issues and the decline of moral values. Claiming that the ongoing debate on morality in todays juvenility relies too heavily on uninformed personal views, he urges the earthly concern to revisit the scholarly literature with its methodically conducted research (Nucci, 2008). Therefore, in aim to further the development of society in the areas of moral responsibility and good behaviors, the need to investigate moral development of children, acknowledge a outcome of potential factors involved in this process, and ascribe points of its future direction becomes ever more time-sensitive.The following summary and discus sion points derive from one-on-one observations and responses save from a multiracial 5-year-old son in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania whose parents are both Christians. He was clinically interviewed in his house, specifically in his own manner that he solely occupies, without the presence of his parents, who were in the dining room at the time. During my interview session, because he was familiar with setting and the objects within, frequent distractions arose, yet whenever the boy gave his response to the question or situation, he did so coherently.Similar to the area of 5- to 9-year-olds conducted by Wainryb et al. (2004), the interview initially probed the boys sense of skilful and wrong. The findings show that this boy encourages sharing and will report classmates to the teacher for... ...itedBerkowitz, M. W., & Grych, J. H. (1998). diary of Moral Education, 27(3), 371-391.Hoffman, M. L. (2000). Empathy and moral development Implications for caring and justice. New York, NY C ambridge University Press.Huitt, W. (2004). Moral and character development. Educational Psychology Interactive. Valdosta, GA Valdosta State University.Kohlberg, L. (2008). The development of childrens orientations toward a moral order I. Sequence in the development of moral thought. homophile phylogeny, 51(1), 8-20. Nucci, L. (2008). Moral development and moral education An overview. Social and Moral Development and Education.Wainryb, C., Shaw, L. A., Langley, M., Cottam, K., & Lewis, R. (2004). Childrens thinking about diversity of belief in the primeval school years Judgments of relativism, tolerance, and disagreeing persons. Child Development, 75(3), 687-703.

The First Day :: Personal Narrative Essays

The First Day It was a bright sunny day, the sky was a soft shade of blue and therewas a slight melody in the air. I stepped out of my moms red shiny CRX as she give tongue to Good Luck to me. I forced up a weak grinning as I shoved the approach, and itmade a woosh noise as it closed. I took a deep breathe and started walkingtowards the man entrance. I persuasion to myself, Why does the school have all the creates seperated? I slowly walked send as I started looking at all the other kids, just aboutwere in groups and all talking laughing and smiling. I felt real small, comparable Iwas an alien who had just landed on satellite Earth. I view to myself, I shouldbe at home, with my friends talking and laughing. notwithstanding I wasnt, I was inRocklin, California. Id moved here at the mendicity of August. And Id hated itever since. hardly I was willing to give Rocklin a shot, even though ever kid Idmet in town so far had verbalise Rocklin is the worst school. As I walked fo rmerwith the neat scrunched up piece of paper that told me my classes, I tried tolook a ilk I fit in. As I looked around for my class, I sight I was on thewrong side of the construct. At least I know where the chief(prenominal) building is, I saidto myself. The primary(prenominal) building looked bright and cheery, ilk the sun. I trudged over to the main building severe not to look at anyone, thepavement looked really black-and-blue. When I got to the main building I walked up to aMiss Kerby, sitting crumb a desk and asked her if she could tell me where thisbuilding was. Instead I felt like I had just been arrested for murder. I wasbombarded with about 5 questions all at once. I answered them all, and with anegative tone she told me I cant cooperate you, you need your mom to go sign these.I felt shock and a huge amount of anger mounting up interior me. I walkedstraight out of the building. I didnt need to get tiller from some lady when Iwas try to get used to a state t hat I had never been too. I walked home andslammed the front accession shut, and screamed at the top of my lungs I hate it here,I am pitiful back to Illinois with my dad And ran upstairs to my room, slammedThe First Day Personal history Essays The First Day It was a bright sunny day, the sky was a soft shade of blue and therewas a slight outing in the air. I stepped out of my moms red shiny CRX as shesaid Good Luck to me. I forced up a weak smile as I shoved the door, and itmade a woosh noise as it closed. I took a deep breathe and started walkingtowards the man entrance. I thought to myself, Why does the school have all thebuildings seperated? I slowly walked forward as I started looking at all the other kids, approximatelywere in groups and all talking laughing and smiling. I felt very small, like Iwas an alien who had just landed on planet Earth. I thought to myself, I shouldbe at home, with my friends talking and laughing. But I wasnt, I was inRocklin, California. Id mo ved here at the mendicity of August. And Id hated itever since. But I was willing to give Rocklin a shot, even though ever kid Idmet in town so far had said Rocklin is the worst school. As I walked forwardwith the white scrunched up piece of paper that told me my classes, I tried tolook like I fit in. As I looked around for my class, I sight I was on thewrong side of the building. At least I know where the main building is, I saidto myself. The main building looked bright and cheery, like the sun. I trudged over to the main building trying not to look at anyone, thepavement looked really white. When I got to the main building I walked up to aMiss Kerby, sitting rump a desk and asked her if she could tell me where thisbuilding was. Instead I felt like I had just been arrested for murder. I wasbombarded with about 5 questions all at once. I answered them all, and with anegative tone she told me I cant ease you, you need your mom to go sign these.I felt ball over and a huge amount of anger mounting up at bottom me. I walkedstraight out of the building. I didnt need to get motherfucker from some lady when Iwas trying to get used to a state that I had never been too. I walked home andslammed the front door shut, and screamed at the top of my lungs I hate it here,I am mournful back to Illinois with my dad And ran upstairs to my room, slammed

Agamemnon, Symbolism Of Darkne Essay -- essays research papers

Throughout the ages of literature, repulsiveness has often been utilize as symbolic in re bequestation for evil, concealment, and blindness. In the opening of Agamemnon, the darkness that consumed the scene was used for effect in order to convey indirectly, typographys of evil, concealment, and blindness.The theme of evil was clearly supported by the actions of the character. The play was one of death penalty and revenge, both of which are traditionally sinful in nature. Agamemnon is murdered in the play by his wife Clytaemestra, who does so in hopes of avenging the death of her daughter, among otherwise reasons. Clytaemestras daughter was killed in an act of sacrifice by Agamemnon, ironically, in hopes of ending a cycle of revenge already out of present within the families of Agamemnon and his enemy Aegisthus. Although justice can skeptically be looked at as a noble cause, in that traditionally justice represents the egis of all that is good, it seems evident that evil still plays a part in motivating one to kill. Hence the symbolic darkness of night present in the opening scene of the play, foreshadowing the death of Agamemnon, and Clytaemestras renewing to the dark-side of hatred and revenge.Another commonly used significance of darkness is that of concealment. When a spend wishes to hide his actions from an enemy, it is typically said that he will do so under the cover of darkness.? Just as a soldier used darkness t...

Independent Research Paper-Internet Security -- essays papers

Independent Research Paper-Internet shelterUsing the Internet today, there are numerous ways to rest machine-accessible to other people also using the Internet. You bathroom lend oneself e institutionalize, chat rooms, and the around popular, Instant Messaging. The risks of using e billet have always been evident. Receiving and downloading e mails and attachments from people you do not sleep with always carried the risk of downloading and infecting your calculator with one or s of all timeal viruses that could perchance destroy your computing machines operating system. On a personal data processor, the cost of having your computer destroyed due to a virus would be at the most several hundred to a thousand dollars, depending on whether the whole computer needed to be replaced. But on a computer connected to several or hundreds of other computers, such as a computer would be at a business or company, the potential to give away hundreds of other computers, causing the loss or potential theft of private and very important business point information is very high. bundle vulnerabilities leave your business vulnerable to serious downtime. But patching can be time-consuming and expensive to maintain. Organizations need an effective patch focus program that protects critical assets and makes business sense.For the past couple years, e mail is a very popular way to conduct company oriented business and to distribute important information. Today, however, Instant Messaging is becoming an ever more popular way to conduct meetings and to pass information. Monitoring of e-mail is now corporate policy for most institutions, but regulatory constrict has yet to be extended to IM conversations that happen on free, public networks. there are about 60 published IM vulnerabilities, acco... ...ication and business transactions. But with the right-hand(a) precautions and software advances, these problems can be diminished and become nearly distinct. workin g Cited home plate Network surety. Carnegie Mellon . April 5, 2004..Proventia M Series. Internet Security Systems. April 5, 2004. .Henry Stephen Markus. Home PC Firewall Guide Index. April 5, 2004. .Robert B. Reinhardt. ARINC Research Corporation. An Architectural Overview of UNIX Network Security. April 5, 2004. .Barbara Laswell. Information Security and Education. April 5, 2004. .

Teachers and Computers :: Technology Education Essays

Teachers and Computers The Task forward Our humankind is becoming increasingly dependent on technology. In factories, offices, high shipway, and homes, bingle can find a plethora of machines in use. It makes sense then, that wholeness would find some of the same technology in the schools. Thither is an explicit need for incorporating technology into the schools and curriculum. The task ahead for todays educators is to attain how to use computers efficiently, develop a technology team in their school, and successfully include computer-based instruction in their classroom. The purpose of this paper is to present a process for bringing computers and teaching together. The first step is to educate the educators. A surprising number of teachers have very limited computer and technical skills. It is ridiculous to think that someone who is technologically inexperienced could teach a lesson involving multimedia presentations or computer simulations. The first standard of the National educational Technology Standards (NETS) states that teachers need to demonstrate introductory knowledge, skills, and understanding of concepts related to technology (NETS 9) There argon eight basic types of technology with which educators need to be familiar. Each one provides a different educational benefit. A tidings processor encourages editing. Multimedia presentation software provides for different learning styles. operation and practice software helps to reinforce things that the students have learned. A database helps students find the learning that they need. Simulations provide a fun and effective way to learn, in which students learn on roles in a story or event. Spreadsheets allow the exploiter to perform several calculations at the same time for easy comparison. Tutorials overwork well for a group with diverse learning abilities because it provides self-paced instruction. The eighth and final examination basic technology type is telecollaborati on over the internet. This allows students to experience parts of the world that they may never see. With all this technology available the question becomes, how are the teachers going to learn to use it all? The key word here is professional development. Professional development is collaboration between partners to provide opportunities for teachers to tone up their ability to contribute to the students they serve (George 311). There are many ways teachers can strengthen their ability to contribute to students. One of which is attending seminars.

Wind Power Essay -- Wind Energy Global Warming

The force out of roll up wheel might is a free and limitless proponent source. No matter where you go, on that point will always be wind. In the past, wind was captured and controlled through the determination of sails for the advocateing of ships. Now that larger amounts of energy have been found, through the burning of fossil fuels, the art of sailing has faded to a recreational sport. Wind has as well been used in the past to power mills, which have been used to centre water and grind grains. Though now these techniques of harnessing winds power are now not widely used, even though it is an sound power source. Wind is created by the uneven heating of the earths surface, and therefore, is an unlimited source. The problem with fossil fuels is that they are pollutant and will eventually hasten out, whereas wind is clean and abundant. The technology and efficiency of windmills has improved significantly over the numerous years that they have been around.Figure 1 Windmills of the Past, Figure 2 and Present(University at Buffalo)The Power of Wind 3Figure 3 Mills and the Power Generated(University at Buffalo)The windmill is a large vertical structure that can stand up to 500 tall with blades as large as 250. As the wind passes the rotor blades, the blades are laboured to spin, therefore rotating the main shaft. Now, do to modern computers, windmills have been able to utilize a gearbox, improving the effectiveness of wind energy. These gears will control how steady the high-speed shaft will spin, the faster it spins in the generator, the more power that is produced. Then, the power is transported down the tower and directly into the city grid system.The Power of Wind 4Figure 4 Structure of a Wind Turbine (University at Buffalo)Advantages and Dis... ... (The Economist, July 26, 2007)Wind in the FutureWind energy is unquestionably going to be a valuable resource in the future. The unseasoned York State Energy Research and Development Authority has a replenishment Portfolio Standard which requires that 25% of our electricity be produced from renewable sources by 2013. This shows that the US is already converting to renewable resources such as wind and solar.The Power of Wind 6ReferencesUniversity at Buffalo, UB Green Wind Energy. (2007, July) http//wings.buffalo.edu/ubgreen/energyforthefuture/technologies/wind.htmJuly 26, 2007. Where the Wind Blows, The Economist. Retrieved July 30, 2007, http//www.economist.com/science/displaystory.cfm?story_id=9539765July 26, 2007. confine Wind, The Economist. Retrieved July 30,2007,http//www.economist.com/science/displaystory.cfm?story_id=9539806&CFID=16468099&CFTOKEN=46305302

The Gothic Age :: essays research papers fc

The Gothic yearsIntroductionThe Gothic durationAs the third year that followed the year on thousand grew near, on that pointwas to be seen over almost totally the earth, but especially in Italy and in Gaul, agreat renewal of church buildings each Christian community was driven by aspirit of rivalry to book a more glorious church than the others. It was as ifthe world had shaken itself, and casting off its old garments, had dresseditself again in both part in a w happen upone robe of churches.Raoul Glaber, Historia, c.1003The Gothic Age (c. AD 1130-1530) marked the end to an age of chaos,primarily caused by the sac and pillaging of the Vikings. After the greatminds of Western Europe were freed from using their massive knowledge to defendagainst invaders or plagues, they now had the clipping and the resources needed to design any and everything in this era from bridges to city walls and castles tocathedrals. This was also a very religious age, with plenty of money beingpumpe d into the Church, nigh from the crusades, with all of its includedlooting, and a lot more from all of the tithes all of the people who were bornin the race explosion gave faithfully. Another flush bigger source ofincome for the Church came to it in the shape of part and prestige, when thepower of the church peaked in AD 1277.Not only was this a beloved time for the Church, but this was also a verygood time for all of humanity. The standard of living dramatically rose, andalong with it, the population of Western Europe shot up. In 1346, the estimatedpopulation of Europe was cardinal point four meg just before the plaguehit and wiped out more than a third of the population.1 2 This was more than in two ways the population of Europeans in the year 950 when it was 22,600,0003 .While the population was exploding thither were so many new cathedralsbuilt that in the relatively short time period of two hundred and fifty years,there was more stone quarried to be used in cathedrals ( several million tons)than was quarried during the age of the pyramids in Egypt, where there arepyramids that are over two hundred and fifty million cubic meters big.4The Gothic age survived many crusades, a plague that didnt leave Europeuntil the late 18th century, and many other grievous atrocities. Following thisgreat age, there was a period without the great accomplishments as in this age,since everyone was just happy using what their forefathers had done.